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Remembrance poppy
The remembrance poppy (a ''Papaver rhoeas'') has been used since 1921 to commemorate military personnel who have died in war. Inspired by the World War I poem "In Flanders Fields", and promoted by Moina Michael, they were first adopted by the American Legion to commemorate American soldiers killed in that war (1914–1918). They were then adopted by military veterans' groups in parts of the former British Empire: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Today, they are most common in the UK and Canada, and are used to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts since 1914. There, small artificial poppies are often worn on clothing leading up to Remembrance Day/Armistice Day (11 November).〔http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15637074 BBC News. Retrieved 14 November 2014〕 Poppy wreaths are also often laid at war memorials.
The remembrance poppy is especially prominent in the UK. In the weeks leading up to Remembrance Sunday, they are distributed by The Royal British Legion in return for donations to their "Poppy Appeal", which supports all current and former British military personnel. During this time, all public figures and people appearing on television are expected to wear them, and those who do not have been criticized. Some have berated this as "poppy fascism" and argued that the Appeal is being used to justify and glorify current wars. In Northern Ireland the poppy is especially controversial and politicized; most Irish nationalists and Irish Catholics refuse to wear one, mainly due to actions of the British Army during the Troubles, while Ulster Protestants and Unionists usually wear them.
==Origins==
The use of the poppy was inspired by the World War I poem "In Flanders Fields". Its opening lines refer to the many poppies that were the first flowers to grow in the churned-up earth of soldiers' graves in Flanders, a region of Europe that overlies a part of Belgium. It is written from the point of view of the dead soldiers and, in the last verse, they call on the living to continue the conflict.〔Fox, James. "Poppy Politics: Remembrance of Things Present", in ''Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice''. Open Book Publishers, 2014. pp.23-28〕 The poem was written by Canadian physician, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, on 3 May 1915 after witnessing the death of his friend, a fellow soldier, the day before. The poem was first published on 8 December 1915 in the London-based magazine ''Punch''.
In 1918, Moina Michael, who had taken leave from her professorship at the University of Georgia to be a volunteer worker for the American YWCA, was inspired by the poem and published a poem of her own called "We Shall Keep the Faith". In tribute to McCrae's poem, she vowed to always wear a red remembrance poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who fought and helped in the war.〔 At a November 1918 YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference, she appeared with a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed 25 more to those attending. She then campaigned to have the poppy adopted as a national symbol of remembrance. At a conference in 1920, the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance.〔 At this conference, French-woman Anna E. Guérin was inspired to introduce the artificial poppies commonly used today. In 1921 she sent her poppy sellers to London, where they were adopted by Field Marshal Douglas Haig, a founder of the Royal British Legion. It was also adopted by veterans' groups in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.〔 James Fox notes that all of the countries who adopted the remembrance poppy were the "victors" of World War I.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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